MS in HRM General Human Resource Management courses
General Human Resource Management coursework overview
Coursework structured for your success
- Capella sets the deadlines
- Weekly online interactions
- 24/7 courseroom access
- Online
Planning for your degree
- total quarter credits: 45
- Quarter length: 10 weeks
- Course length: 10 weeks
- Break: 3 weeks between quarters
Course requirements
- Core 7 courses
- Specialization 3 courses
- Capstone 1 course
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HRM5002
Required Course Survey of Human Resource Management in Practice
4 quarter credits
This course is a survey of contemporary perspectives in the field of human resource management. Students apply competencies developed by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in order to support people, the workplace, and an organization. Students integrate legal and ethical standards into human resource policies and practices. Students also address the role of the HR practitioner in the alignment of operational and strategic approaches. Must be taken during the first quarter by students who have been admitted to the MS in Human Resource Management degree program or Human Resource Management graduate certificate program. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
4 quarter credits
HRM5060
Required Course Sourcing and Managing Talent in the Workplace
4 quarter credits
Students in this course examine contemporary perspectives in recruiting, talent mobility, workforce planning, and performance management. Students select and develop approaches which support employee mobility and performance to advance organizational goals. Prerequisite(s): Completion of or concurrent registration in HRM5002; or HRM5310.
4 quarter credits
HRM5065
Required Course Employment Law in the Successful Workplace
4 quarter credits
Students gain an understanding of the application of U.S. law and legislation to human resource management theory and practice in the modern workplace. Students evaluate historical perspectives on law and labor relations and the impact of context on practice. Students identify the value of aligning of organizational mission, legal compliance and ethical practices. Students also assess methods by which the HRM professional can resolve conflict and defuse or mitigate potentially litigious situations while enhancing productivity. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5055
Required Course Comprehensive Reward Systems
4 quarter credits
In this course, students examine compensation models and their application in organizations, which includes both direct and indirect rewards. Students also discuss compensation strategies and their link to designing an effective organization. Students further explore how compensation structures are developed and applied as well as the different strategic roles of rewards in developing an effective workforce. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5070
Required Course Workplace Learning Strategies for the HR Professional
4 quarter credits
Students gain an understanding of the role of the HR professional in applying theories and models of learning, learning styles, and ways to design and manage the learning process and programs to develop talent. Students apply a strategic approach to workplace learning to align with an organization's strategy that will meet the needs of individual contributors, managers, and senior leaders in the organization. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5090
Required Course Retaining and Engaging Employees for the Modern Workforce
4 quarter credits
In this course, students apply models of employee motivation, thriving, and engagement in the workplace to create the employee experience. Students also analyze the ways in which culture, employee and leader behavior impact strategic retention. Finally, students assess the influence of technology and evidence-based practices on employee lifecycle, engagement, and positive employee and organizational outcomes. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002 or HRM5310.
4 quarter credits
Required Course Choose a Required Course
4 quarter credits
HRM5080
Required Course Evidence-Based Decision Making for HR Professionals
4 quarter credits
In this course, students apply evidence-based models of decision making to advocate and support HR strategies and practices. Students use qualitative and quantitative data in HR decision making to influence organizational stakeholders and incorporate storytelling to provide compelling advocacy for HR programs, practices, and projects. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
Required Course Choose a Required Course
4 quarter credits
Required Course Choose a Required Course
4 quarter credits
HRM5960
Capstone HRM Capstone: Improving and Transforming HR Practice
5 quarter credits
This is an integrative course for students in the MS in Human Resource Management degree program. Students synthesize and integrate the knowledge, competencies, and skills acquired throughout the program by developing and implementing a final project that demonstrates critical thinking, creativity, and practical application of program content. Students apply models and best practices in human resource management to achieve desired project outcomes. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning. Prerequisite(s): Completion of all required coursework.
5 quarter credits
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ED7631
Required Course Introduction to Training and Performance Systems
4 quarter credits
This course is an overview of training and human performance improvement (HPI). Students review the evolution of HPI through the introduction of associated theories, concepts, and processes. Students experience the power and value of HPI in organizations by reviewing and assessing real-world projects that include business, performance, gap and cause analyses, intervention selection and implementation, and change and evaluation plans. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning. Prerequisite(s): ED5010 or EDD8010 or EDD8000 or HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5120
Required Course Global Human Resource Practice
4 quarter credits
In this course, students navigate the global legal and regulatory environments and their application to HR practices. Students apply HR principles and models to multiple contexts within the global environment. Students develop an awareness of global communities and best practices for working across countries. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
PSY6710
Required Course Principles of Industrial/Organizational Psychology
5 quarter credits
In this course, students identify and confirm theories and research of industrial/organizational psychology. Students examine the various psychological constructs affecting individuals, groups, teams, and organizations in the workplace and explore ethical principles as they relate to decision-making processes. Students also evaluate the differences between industrial and organizational psychology and explore various assessment methods, models, and interventions applicable across workplace settings.
5 quarter credits
HRM5118
Required Course Human Resource Legal Challenges and Solutions
4 quarter credits
This is an advanced course designed for HR professionals who seek to prepare themselves for the complex challenges of legal employment issues in the workplace. Students investigate the nature of and strategies for addressing workplace legal actions in order to create a legally compliant workplace. Students develop action plans and management strategies for minimizing risk. Prerequisite(s): HRM5065.
4 quarter credits
LEAD5210
Required Course Leading Globally
4 quarter credits
In this course, students analyze aspects of leading and working in global environments. Students gain an understanding of the personal and professional role of leadership in various populations, core strategies used to lead more effectively as global leaders.
4 quarter credits
LEAD5220
Required Course Leader as Change Agent
4 quarter credits
Students evaluate leaders as architects of change in organizations and environments. Students investigate the nature of leadership in complex and dynamic settings; theories of change at the individual, group, and organizational level; and leadership practices that guide and sustain complex change.
4 quarter credits
HRM5075
Required Course Leading and Influencing for the Human Resource Practitioner
4 quarter credits
This course helps guide students through an analysis of their own leadership strengths and capabilities, preparing them to develop skills to become an influential HR practitioner. The course emphasizes understanding the human resource professional choices in leadership theories and models, awareness of the student's leadership strengths, tools to build trust and relationships, and clarity of the students continued need to develop as a leader. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5112
Required Course Certification Examination Preparation for the aPHR, PHR and SPHR
4 quarter credits
In this course, students review the current HRCI® Exam Content Outlines to prepare for the aPHR®, PHR® and SPHR® certification exams. Students apply their critical thinking skills to scenario-based questions, and develop test-taking strategies for passing these exams. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
4 quarter credits
HRM5115
Required Course Certification Examination Preparation for the SHRM-CP and SHRM-SCP
4 quarter credits
In this course, students review the current body of competency and knowledge in the HR management field and prepare for the SHRM-CP and SHRM-SCP certification exams. Students apply their critical thinking skills to behavioral competencies in leadership and navigation, ethical practice, business acumen, relationship management, consultation, critical evaluation, and global and cultural effectiveness and communication. Students also develop test-taking strategies to help aid them in taking these exams. Students are encouraged to contact the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) prior to registration for specific eligibility requirements for SHRM-CP and SHRM-SCP exams. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
4 quarter credits
PM5018
Required Course Project Management Foundations
4 quarter credits
In this cross-disciplinary course, students analyze the fundamentals of project management and gain an overview of project management standards and their applicability to managing projects, with an emphasis on management methodologies and frameworks, including those defined by the Project Management Institute (PMI®). Students have the opportunity to participate in experiential learning by bringing in a workplace project, or they may use the project provided in the course. Students cultivate effective project management leadership skills, including project politics and ethics and collaboration.
4 quarter credits
HRM5100
Required Course HRM Professional Internship
4 quarter credits
This course provides students with an optional, experiential opportunity to complete up to 400 hours of applied service in an industrial or organizational work-related setting of their choosing. Students may engage in human resource management roles, including recruitment and selection, talent development, employee engagement and retention, and compensation. Throughout the course, students participate in supervised training at a pre-approved internship site and engage in concurrent online courseroom activities that emphasize increased self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-evaluation of workplace skills and leadership behaviors; application of evidenced-based practice; ability to practice across populations; and practice within professional and ethical standards. For MS in Human Resource Management students only. Grading for this course is S/NS. Approval of internship application is required one quarter prior to course start. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002, HRM5060, HRM5065, HRM5070, HRM5090.
4 quarter credits
HRM5401
Required Course The Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Environment of Health Care
4 quarter credits
Students in this course study the legal, ethical, and regulatory environment of health care and the impact on human resource management. Students examine health care delivery systems, revenue sources, laws, regulations, ethics, and compliance requirements, including ways to support and mitigate risk in the complex health care environment. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002, HRM5065.
4 quarter credits
HRM5402
Required Course Planning, Sourcing, and Developing Talent in Healthcare Organizations
4 quarter credits
Students examine talent acquisition, employee development, and workforce planning in healthcare organizations. Students analyze, develop, and apply models and approaches for the unique needs of healthcare talent management. Prerequisite(s): HRM5401 or MHA5014.
4 quarter credits
HRM5403
Required Course Transforming the Employee Experience in Health Care
4 quarter credits
Students analyze human resource (HR) practices to retain and engage the health care workforce. Students investigate HR's role in organizational transformation and supporting positive patient outcomes by creating a culture of quality, high performing, and engaged employees. Students also strengthen their understanding on how HR supports employee health and wellness. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002, HRM5090, HRM5401.
4 quarter credits
HRM5055
Required Course Comprehensive Reward Systems
4 quarter credits
In this course, students examine compensation models and their application in organizations, which includes both direct and indirect rewards. Students also discuss compensation strategies and their link to designing an effective organization. Students further explore how compensation structures are developed and applied as well as the different strategic roles of rewards in developing an effective workforce. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5002
Required Course Survey of Human Resource Management in Practice
4 quarter credits
This course is a survey of contemporary perspectives in the field of human resource management. Students apply competencies developed by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in order to support people, the workplace, and an organization. Students integrate legal and ethical standards into human resource policies and practices. Students also address the role of the HR practitioner in the alignment of operational and strategic approaches. Must be taken during the first quarter by students who have been admitted to the MS in Human Resource Management degree program or Human Resource Management graduate certificate program. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
4 quarter credits
HRM5065
Required Course Employment Law in the Successful Workplace
4 quarter credits
Students gain an understanding of the application of U.S. law and legislation to human resource management theory and practice in the modern workplace. Students evaluate historical perspectives on law and labor relations and the impact of context on practice. Students identify the value of aligning of organizational mission, legal compliance and ethical practices. Students also assess methods by which the HRM professional can resolve conflict and defuse or mitigate potentially litigious situations while enhancing productivity. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5060
Required Course Sourcing and Managing Talent in the Workplace
4 quarter credits
Students in this course examine contemporary perspectives in recruiting, talent mobility, workforce planning, and performance management. Students select and develop approaches which support employee mobility and performance to advance organizational goals. Prerequisite(s): Completion of or concurrent registration in HRM5002; or HRM5310.
4 quarter credits
HRM5070
Required Course Workplace Learning Strategies for the HR Professional
4 quarter credits
Students gain an understanding of the role of the HR professional in applying theories and models of learning, learning styles, and ways to design and manage the learning process and programs to develop talent. Students apply a strategic approach to workplace learning to align with an organization's strategy that will meet the needs of individual contributors, managers, and senior leaders in the organization. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5080
Required Course Evidence-Based Decision Making for HR Professionals
4 quarter credits
In this course, students apply evidence-based models of decision making to advocate and support HR strategies and practices. Students use qualitative and quantitative data in HR decision making to influence organizational stakeholders and incorporate storytelling to provide compelling advocacy for HR programs, practices, and projects. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002.
4 quarter credits
HRM5090
Required Course Retaining and Engaging Employees for the Modern Workforce
4 quarter credits
In this course, students apply models of employee motivation, thriving, and engagement in the workplace to create the employee experience. Students also analyze the ways in which culture, employee and leader behavior impact strategic retention. Finally, students assess the influence of technology and evidence-based practices on employee lifecycle, engagement, and positive employee and organizational outcomes. Prerequisite(s): HRM5002 or HRM5310.
4 quarter credits
Show all descriptions
HRM5960
Capstone HRM Capstone: Improving and Transforming HR Practice
5 quarter credits
This is an integrative course for students in the MS in Human Resource Management degree program. Students synthesize and integrate the knowledge, competencies, and skills acquired throughout the program by developing and implementing a final project that demonstrates critical thinking, creativity, and practical application of program content. Students apply models and best practices in human resource management to achieve desired project outcomes. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning. Prerequisite(s): Completion of all required coursework.
5 quarter credits
Coursework tailored to your learning preferences
- Set your own deadlines
- Complete courses at your pace
- Support when you need it
- Online
Planning for your degree
- total program points: 22.5
- Monthly start dates
- Session length: 12 weeks
Course requirements
- Core 7 courses
- Specialization 3 courses
- Capstone 1 course
Show all descriptions
HRM-FPX5002
Required Course Survey of Human Resource Management in Practice
2 program points
This course is a survey of contemporary perspectives in the field of human resource management. Students apply competencies developed by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in order to support people, the workplace, and an organization. Students integrate legal and ethical standards into human resource policies and practices. Students also address the role of the HR practitioner in the alignment of operational and strategic approaches. Must be taken during the first quarter by students who have been admitted to the MS in Human Resource Management degree program, FlexPath option. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5060
Required Course Sourcing and Managing Talent in the Workplace
2 program points
StudentsIn this course examine contemporary perspectives in recruiting, talent mobility, workforce planning, and performance management. Students select and develop approaches which support employee mobility and performance to advance organizational goals. Prerequisite(s): Completion of or concurrent registration in HRM-FPX5002 or completion of HRM-FPX5310.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5065
Required Course Employment Law in the Successful Workplace
2 program points
Students gain an understanding of the application of U.S. law and legislation to human resource management theory and practice in the modern workplace. Students evaluate historical perspectives on law and labor relations and the impact of context on practice. Students identify the value of aligning organizational mission, legal compliance, and ethical practices. Students also assess methods by which the HRM professional can resolve conflict and defuse or mitigate potentially litigious situations while enhancing productivity. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5055
Required Course Comprehensive Reward Systems
2 program points
In this course, students examine compensation models and their application in organizations, which includes both direct and indirect rewards. Students also discuss compensation strategies and their link to designing an effective organization. Students further explore how compensation structures are developed and applied as well as the different strategic roles of rewards in developing an effective workforce. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5070
Required Course Workplace Learning Strategies for the HR Professional
2 program points
Students gain an understanding of the role of the HR professional in applying theories and models of learning, learning styles, and ways to design and manage the learning process and programs to develop talent. Students apply a strategic approach to workplace learning to align with an organization's strategy that will meet the needs of individual contributors, managers, and senior leaders in the organization. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5090
Required Course Retaining and Engaging Employees for the Modern Workforce
2 program points
In this course, students apply models of employee motivation, thriving, and engagement in the workplace to create the employee experience. Students also analyze the ways in which culture, employee and leader behavior impact strategic retention. Finally, students assess the influence of technology and evidence-based practices on employee lifecycle, engagement, and positive employee and organizational outcomes. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002 or HRM-FPX5310.
2 program points
Required Course Choose a required course
2 program points
HRM-FPX5080
Required Course Evidence-Based Decision Making for HR Professionals
2 program points
In this course, students apply evidence-based models of decision making to advocate and support HR strategies and practices. Students use qualitative and quantitative data in HR decision making to influence organizational stakeholders and incorporate storytelling to provide compelling advocacy for HR programs, practices, and projects. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
Required Course Choose a required course
2 program points
Required Course Choose a required course
2 program points
HRM-FPX5960
Capstone HRM Capstone: Improving and Transforming HR Practice
2.5 program points
This is an integrative course for students in the MS in Human Resource Management degree program. Students synthesize and integrate the knowledge, competencies, and skills acquired throughout the program by developing and implementing a final project that demonstrates critical thinking, creativity, and practical application of program content. Students apply models and best practices in human resource management to achieve desired project outcomes. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning. Prerequisite(s): Completion of all required coursework. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
2.5 program points
Show all descriptions
HRM-FPX5002
Required Course Survey of Human Resource Management in Practice
2 program points
This course is a survey of contemporary perspectives in the field of human resource management. Students apply competencies developed by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in order to support people, the workplace, and an organization. Students integrate legal and ethical standards into human resource policies and practices. Students also address the role of the HR practitioner in the alignment of operational and strategic approaches. Must be taken during the first quarter by students who have been admitted to the MS in Human Resource Management degree program, FlexPath option. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5060
Required Course Sourcing and Managing Talent in the Workplace
2 program points
StudentsIn this course examine contemporary perspectives in recruiting, talent mobility, workforce planning, and performance management. Students select and develop approaches which support employee mobility and performance to advance organizational goals. Prerequisite(s): Completion of or concurrent registration in HRM-FPX5002 or completion of HRM-FPX5310.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5065
Required Course Employment Law in the Successful Workplace
2 program points
Students gain an understanding of the application of U.S. law and legislation to human resource management theory and practice in the modern workplace. Students evaluate historical perspectives on law and labor relations and the impact of context on practice. Students identify the value of aligning organizational mission, legal compliance, and ethical practices. Students also assess methods by which the HRM professional can resolve conflict and defuse or mitigate potentially litigious situations while enhancing productivity. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5055
Required Course Comprehensive Reward Systems
2 program points
In this course, students examine compensation models and their application in organizations, which includes both direct and indirect rewards. Students also discuss compensation strategies and their link to designing an effective organization. Students further explore how compensation structures are developed and applied as well as the different strategic roles of rewards in developing an effective workforce. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5070
Required Course Workplace Learning Strategies for the HR Professional
2 program points
Students gain an understanding of the role of the HR professional in applying theories and models of learning, learning styles, and ways to design and manage the learning process and programs to develop talent. Students apply a strategic approach to workplace learning to align with an organization's strategy that will meet the needs of individual contributors, managers, and senior leaders in the organization. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5090
Required Course Retaining and Engaging Employees for the Modern Workforce
2 program points
In this course, students apply models of employee motivation, thriving, and engagement in the workplace to create the employee experience. Students also analyze the ways in which culture, employee and leader behavior impact strategic retention. Finally, students assess the influence of technology and evidence-based practices on employee lifecycle, engagement, and positive employee and organizational outcomes. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002 or HRM-FPX5310.
2 program points
PM-FPX5018
Required Course Project Management Foundations
2 program points
In this cross-disciplinary course, students analyze the fundamentals of project management and gain an overview of project management standards and their applicability to managing projects, with an emphasis on management methodologies and frameworks, including those defined by the Project Management Institute (PMI®). Students have the opportunity to participate in experiential learning by bringing in a workplace project, or they may use the project provided in the course. Students cultivate effective project management leadership skills, including project politics and ethics and collaboration.
2 program points
LEAD-FPX5210
Required Course Leading Globally
2 program points
In this course, students analyze aspects of leading and working in global environments. Students gain an understanding of the personal and professional role of leadership in various populations, core strategies used to lead more effectively as global leaders.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5120
Required Course Global Human Resource Practice
2 program points
In this course, students navigate the global legal and regulatory environments and their application to HR practices. Students apply HR principles and models to multiple contexts within the global environment. Students develop an awareness of global communities and best practices for working across countries. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5075
Required Course Leading and Influencing for the Human Resource Practitioner
2 program points
This course helps guide students through an analysis of their own leadership strengths and capabilities, preparing them to develop skills to become an influential HR practitioner. The course emphasizes understanding the human resource professional choices in leadership theories and models, awareness of the student's leadership strengths, tools to build trust and relationships, and clarity of the students continued need to develop as a leader. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5401
Required Course The Legal, Ethical, and Regulatory Environment of Health Care
2 program points
Students in this course study the legal, ethical, and regulatory environment of health care and the impact on human resource management. Students examine health care delivery systems, revenue sources, laws, regulations, ethics, and compliance requirements, including ways to support and mitigate risk in the complex health care environment. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002, HRM-FPX5065.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5403
Required Course Transforming the Employee Experience in Health Care
2 program points
Students analyze human resource (HR) practices to retain and engage the health care workforce. Students investigate HR's role in organizational transformation and supporting positive patient outcomes by creating a culture of quality, high performing, and engaged employees. Students also strengthen their understanding on how HR supports employee health and wellness. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002, HRM-FPX5090, HRM-FPX5401.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5080
Required Course Evidence-Based Decision Making for HR Professionals
2 program points
In this course, students apply evidence-based models of decision making to advocate and support HR strategies and practices. Students use qualitative and quantitative data in HR decision making to influence organizational stakeholders and incorporate storytelling to provide compelling advocacy for HR programs, practices, and projects. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
LEAD-FPX5220
Required Course Leader as Change Agent
2 program points
Students evaluate leaders as architects of change in organizations and environments. Students investigate the nature of leadership in complex and dynamic settings; theories of change at the individual, group, and organizational level; and leadership practices that guide and sustain complex change.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5118
Required Course Human Resource Legal Challenges and Solutions
2 program points
This is an advanced course designed for HR professionals who seek to prepare themselves for the complex challenges of legal employment issues in the workplace. Students investigate the nature of and strategies for addressing workplace legal actions in order to create a legally compliant workplace. Students develop action plans and management strategies for minimizing risk. Prerequisite(s): HRM-FPX5002.
2 program points
HRM-FPX5402
Required Course Planning, Sourcing, and Developing Talent in Healthcare Organizations
2 program points
Students examine talent acquisition, employee development, and workforce planning in healthcare organizations. Students analyze, develop, and apply models and approaches for the unique needs of healthcare talent management. Prerequisite: HRM-FPX5060, HRM- FPX5401 or MHA-FPX5014.
2 program points
Show all descriptions
HRM-FPX5960
Capstone HRM Capstone: Improving and Transforming HR Practice
2.5 program points
This is an integrative course for students in the MS in Human Resource Management degree program. Students synthesize and integrate the knowledge, competencies, and skills acquired throughout the program by developing and implementing a final project that demonstrates critical thinking, creativity, and practical application of program content. Students apply models and best practices in human resource management to achieve desired project outcomes. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning. Prerequisite(s): Completion of all required coursework. Cannot be fulfilled by transfer or credit for prior learning.
2.5 program points